Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels that can cause complications for both the mother and the baby. GDM usually develops in the second or third trimester of pregnancy, and it affects about 10% of pregnant women.
Learn about other types of Diabetes Mellitus: What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Definition of Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels that develop during pregnancy and typically resolve after delivery. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to handle the increased glucose levels during pregnancy. This condition can affect both the mother and baby's health, necessitating careful management to maintain normal blood glucose levels and ensure a healthy pregnancy.
Differences from Regular Diabetes Mellitus
Timing of Onset:
- Gestational Diabetes: Develops during pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester.
- Type 1 Diabetes: Often diagnosed in childhood or early adulthood; it is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Typically develops in adulthood, though increasing numbers of younger people are being diagnosed. It is often associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle and is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
Duration:
- Gestational Diabetes: Usually resolves after childbirth.
- Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Chronic conditions that require lifelong management.
Cause:
- Gestational Diabetes: Triggered by hormonal changes during pregnancy that increase insulin resistance.
- Type 1 Diabetes: Caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors leading to insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus usually resolves after delivery, women who have had gestational diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Causes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels that develop during pregnancy. While the exact causes of GDM are not entirely clear, several factors have been identified as potential contributors.
Hormonal changes
During pregnancy, the body produces a variety of hormones that help the baby grow and develop. Some of these hormones can interfere with insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. As a result, pregnant women may experience insulin resistance, which means that their bodies are less responsive to insulin. This can lead to high blood sugar levels and the development of GDM.
Genetics
A family history of diabetes can increase the risk of developing GDM. Studies have shown that women with a parent or sibling with diabetes are more likely to develop GDM themselves. Additionally, certain genetic variations may also contribute to the development of GDM.
Age
Women who are over the age of 25 are at a higher risk of developing GDM. As women age, their bodies become less efficient at processing insulin, which can lead to insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels.
Obesity
Women who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of developing GDM. Excess body fat can interfere with insulin sensitivity and lead to insulin resistance.
Previous History of GDM
Women who have had GDM in a previous pregnancy are more likely to develop the condition again in subsequent pregnancies.
Inactivity
Lack of physical activity can contribute to the development of GDM. Regular exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control, reducing the risk of GDM.
Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby, so it is essential to identify and manage the risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Several factors increase the risk of developing GDM, including:
- A family history of diabetes
- Previous history of gestational diabetes
- Obesity or being overweight
- Advanced maternal age (35 or older)
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Women who have these risk factors should be monitored closely during pregnancy to ensure that any signs of GDM are detected and treated promptly.
Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) often does not cause any noticeable symptoms, which is why it is important for pregnant women to be screened for it during prenatal care.
However, some women may experience symptoms such as:
- Increased thirst and hunger
- Frequent urination
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
It is important to note that some women with GDM may not experience any symptoms at all. For this reason, it is essential for all pregnant women to undergo screening for GDM, even if they are not experiencing any symptoms.
Complications of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus can cause complications for both the mother and the baby.
Here is a list of the complications of gestational diabetes, divided into fetal, neonatal, and maternal complications:
Fetal Complications
The following complications can be seen in the fetus due to GDM:
1.) Excessive fetal growth (macrosomia) - High blood sugar levels in the mother can cause the baby to grow too large, a condition known as macrosomia. Macrosomic babies are at increased risk of complications during delivery, such as shoulder dystocia, which can lead to birth injuries.
2.) Preterm birth: GDM can increase the risk of preterm birth, which is defined as delivery before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Preterm birth can lead to a range of complications, including respiratory distress, feeding difficulties, and developmental delays.
3.) Stillbirth: Women with uncontrolled GDM are at increased risk of stillbirth, which is the loss of the baby before or during delivery.
4.) Birth defects: Women with uncontrolled GDM are at higher risk of having a baby with birth defects, particularly those affecting the heart and the central nervous system.Fetal hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
5.) Fetal hyperinsulinemia (high insulin levels)
Neonatal Complications
The following complications can be seen in neonates (newborns) due to GDM:
1.) Hypoglycemia: Babies born to mothers with GDM may experience low blood sugar levels, also known as hypoglycemia, shortly after birth. This is because the baby's body is used to high levels of glucose from the mother and may have difficulty adjusting to normal levels after birth.
2.) Respiratory distress: Babies born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of respiratory distress, which is difficulty breathing after birth.
3.) Jaundice: Babies born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of developing jaundice, a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
4.) Obesity and type 2 diabetes: Babies born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.
5.) Polycythemia (high red blood cell count)
6.) Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels)
7.) Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium levels)
8.) Hypothermia (low body temperature)
Maternal Complications
The following complications can be seen in pregnant mothers due to GDM:
1.) Preeclampsia: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Women with GDM are at increased risk of developing preeclampsia.
2.) Increased risk of cesarean delivery: Women with GDM are at higher risk of having a cesarean delivery, which is a surgical delivery of the baby. This is often due to the increased risk of macrosomia and difficult labor associated with GDM.
3.) Type 2 diabetes: Women who develop GDM during pregnancy are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
4.) Increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage (excessive bleeding after delivery)
5.) Increased risk of infection after delivery
6.) Increased risk of future cardiovascular disease (such as heart disease and stroke)
Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) can be diagnosed through a combination of screening tests and diagnostic tests.
Screening Tests
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that all pregnant women should be screened for GDM between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. However, if a woman has a higher risk of GDM, she may be screened earlier in pregnancy.
A.) Glucose Challenge Test (GCT)
The GCT involves drinking a sugary drink containing 50 grams of glucose. One hour later, the woman's blood sugar level is tested. If the blood sugar level is higher than a certain cutoff value (usually 130-140 mg/dL or 7.2-7.8 mmol/L), the woman is considered to have "failed" the GCT and will be referred for further testing.
B.) Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
The OGTT is a diagnostic test used to confirm a diagnosis of GDM. It involves drinking a sugary drink containing 75 grams of glucose after an overnight fast. Blood sugar levels are tested before drinking the drink and at 1, 2, and 3 hours afterward. If two or more of the blood sugar levels are higher than the cutoff values, the woman is diagnosed with GDM.
Diagnostic Test/Criteria
The diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may vary slightly depending on the guidelines followed by different healthcare providers and medical organizations. However, the most commonly used diagnostic criteria are as follows:
A.) One-step approach
A 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is performed at 24-28 weeks of gestation in women who have not previously been diagnosed with diabetes.
GDM is diagnosed if any one of the following plasma glucose values is met or exceeded:
Fasting glucose: ≥92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L)
1-hour glucose: ≥180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L)
2-hour glucose: ≥153 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L)
B.) Two-step approach
Step 1: A 50-gram glucose challenge test (GCT) is performed at 24-28 weeks of gestation in women who have not previously been diagnosed with diabetes.
Step 2: If the GCT result is abnormal (usually defined as a plasma glucose value of ≥140 mg/dL [7.8 mmol/L]), a 100-gram OGTT is performed.
GDM is diagnosed if any two or more of the following plasma glucose values are met or exceeded during the OGTT:
Fasting glucose: ≥95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L)
1-hour glucose: ≥180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L)
2-hour glucose: ≥155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/L)
3-hour glucose: ≥140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)
Additional Tests
These tests may be done to monitor or diagnose Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM):
1.) Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test: This test involves measuring the woman's blood sugar level after an overnight fast. If the blood sugar level is higher than 92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L), the woman is diagnosed with GDM.
2.) Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Test: The HbA1c test measures the average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months. If the HbA1c level is higher than 5.7%, the woman is considered to have an increased risk of GDM.
3.) Random Plasma Glucose (RPG) Test: This test involves measuring the woman's blood sugar level at any time of day. If the blood sugar level is higher than 200 mg/dL (11.1mmol/l), the woman is diagnosed with GDM.
It is important to note that the diagnostic criteria may be modified for women with a high risk of GDM, such as those with a history of GDM, obesity, or a family history of diabetes. Additionally, some healthcare providers may use different cutoff values for plasma glucose levels. It is recommended that pregnant women discuss the diagnostic criteria and testing options with their healthcare provider.
Treatment of Gestation Diabetes Mellitus
The treatment for gestational diabetes (GDM) is aimed at maintaining blood sugar levels within a target range to minimize the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.
A.) Lifestyle Changes
The first step in managing GDM is making lifestyle changes. These changes include adopting a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight. The goal is to keep blood sugar levels within a target range while providing adequate nutrition for the growing baby. A registered dietitian can help develop a meal plan that meets the nutritional needs of both the mother and the baby while keeping blood sugar levels in check.
Physical activity is also important in managing GDM. Moderate exercises, such as walking or swimming, can help lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. It is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting an exercise program to ensure that it is safe for both the mother and the baby.
B.) Blood Sugar Monitoring
Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is essential in managing GDM. This involves testing blood sugar levels several times a day, usually before and after meals. Healthcare providers may recommend specific target ranges for blood sugar levels, and women with GDM may need to check their blood sugar levels more frequently than women without GDM. Monitoring blood sugar levels helps healthcare providers adjust treatment plans as needed to keep blood sugar levels in the target range.
The target blood glucose levels for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are slightly different than the target levels for non-pregnant individuals with diabetes.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends the following blood glucose targets for women with GDM:
- Fasting blood glucose: Less than or equal to 95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L)
- One-hour postprandial (after a meal) blood glucose: Less than or equal to 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)
- Two-hour postprandial (after a meal) blood glucose: Less than or equal to 120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L)
C.) Medications
In some cases, lifestyle changes alone may not be enough to manage GDM, and medication may be necessary. The most common medication used to manage GDM is insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin is safe for both the mother and the baby and does not cross the placenta, so it does not affect the baby's development. In some cases, oral medication may be used, but this is less common.
D.) Fetal Monitoring
Fetal monitoring is an important aspect of the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to ensure the well-being of the developing baby. GDM can lead to various complications during pregnancy, including macrosomia, hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress syndrome, which can have a significant impact on fetal health.
There are various methods used for fetal monitoring in women with GDM, including ultrasound scans and fetal heart rate monitoring. These methods can detect any potential complications and allow for early intervention to prevent adverse outcomes.
Ultrasound scans are used to monitor fetal growth and detect any signs of macrosomia, or large birth weight. Babies born to mothers with uncontrolled GDM are at an increased risk of developing macrosomia, which can lead to complications during delivery, such as shoulder dystocia. Ultrasound scans can detect macrosomia and allow for early intervention, such as early delivery, to prevent complications.
Fetal heart rate monitoring is another method used for fetal monitoring in women with GDM. This involves placing a monitor on the mother's abdomen to detect the baby's heart rate. Fetal heart rate monitoring can detect any signs of fetal distress, such as a decrease in heart rate, which can indicate complications related to GDM. Early detection of fetal distress allows for prompt intervention, such as delivery, to prevent adverse outcomes.
In addition to ultrasound scans and fetal heart rate monitoring, women with GDM may also undergo regular blood glucose monitoring to ensure that blood sugar levels are well-controlled. High blood sugar levels can lead to complications during pregnancy and delivery, which can impact fetal health. Regular blood glucose monitoring allows for early intervention to ensure that blood sugar levels are within the target range.
Close collaboration between the obstetrician, maternal-fetal medicine specialist, and pediatrician is essential to provide comprehensive care for women with GDM and their babies.
E.) Hospitalization
Hospitalization may be necessary for the management of high-risk Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) when the condition poses a risk to the health of the mother or the baby.
1.) Reasons for Hospitalization
Women with high-risk GDM may require hospitalization for various reasons. One reason is to initiate or adjust medication to control blood sugar levels. Insulin is the most common medication used to manage GDM, and hospitalization may be necessary to establish the appropriate dosage and administration schedule.
Another reason for hospitalization is to monitor blood sugar levels and fetal well-being closely. Women with high-risk GDM may require more frequent monitoring of blood sugar levels and fetal movements to ensure the health of the baby.
Finally, hospitalization may be necessary if there are concerns about the mother's health or the baby's well-being. For example, if there is a risk of preterm labor or if the baby is not growing appropriately, hospitalization may be necessary to manage these issues.
2.) Goals of Hospitalization
The primary goal of hospitalization in high-risk GDM is to ensure the health of the mother and the baby. Hospitalization allows healthcare providers to monitor blood sugar levels and fetal well-being closely and make adjustments to treatment plans as needed.
Another goal of hospitalization is to educate the mother about GDM and how to manage the condition after discharge. Women with high-risk GDM often require lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthy diet and increasing physical activity, to manage the condition properly. Hospitalization provides an opportunity to educate the mother about these changes and ensure that she understands how to manage GDM after discharge.
3.) Interventions Used During Hospitalization
Several interventions may be used during hospitalization to manage high-risk GDM. These interventions include:
3.1) Insulin therapy: Insulin may be necessary to control blood sugar levels, and hospitalization allows healthcare providers to establish the appropriate dosage and administration schedule.
3.2) Nutritional therapy: Women with high-risk GDM may require a specialized diet, and hospitalization provides an opportunity for a registered dietitian to develop a meal plan that meets the nutritional needs of the mother and the baby while keeping blood sugar levels in check.
3.3) Fetal monitoring: Healthcare providers may use fetal monitoring to check the baby's heart rate and movements to ensure the baby is healthy and developing appropriately.
3.4) Education: Hospitalization provides an opportunity to educate the mother about GDM and how to manage the condition after discharge. This includes education on lifestyle changes, medication administration, and monitoring blood sugar levels.
3.5) Emotional support: Hospitalization can be a stressful experience, and emotional support is essential to ensure the mother's well-being. Healthcare providers may provide counseling or connect the mother with support groups to help manage stress and anxiety.
F.) Delivery
Delivery is an essential aspect of the management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) as it poses a risk to both the mother and the baby.
1.) Delivery Options
Women with GDM have two delivery options: vaginal delivery or cesarean section (C-section). Vaginal delivery is often the preferred option as it is less invasive, has a quicker recovery time, and poses less risk to the mother. However, careful monitoring is necessary to ensure that the baby is not too large and that there are no other complications that may make a vaginal delivery risky.
C-sections may be recommended if there are concerns about the baby's size or if there are other complications that may make a vaginal delivery risky. A C-section is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver the baby. C-section poses more significant risks to the mother, such as infection and bleeding, and has a longer recovery time than vaginal delivery.
2.) Risks Associated with Delivery
Women with GDM are at an increased risk of certain complications during delivery. One of the most common complications is macrosomia, which is when the baby is larger than average. Macrosomia can make vaginal delivery difficult and increase the risk of shoulder dystocia, which is when the baby's shoulders get stuck during delivery.
Other risks associated with delivery in women with GDM include premature delivery, pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy), and neonatal hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels in the baby).
3.) Interventions Used to Manage Risks
Several interventions may be used to manage the risks associated with delivery in women with GDM. These interventions include:
3.1) Fetal monitoring: Healthcare providers may use fetal monitoring to check the baby's heart rate and movements to ensure the baby is healthy and developing appropriately. This allows healthcare providers to identify potential complications early and take appropriate action.
3.2) Induction of labor: Healthcare providers may recommend induction of labor to ensure that the baby is delivered at the optimal time. This can reduce the risk of complications, such as macrosomia and pre-eclampsia.
3.3) C-section: C-section may be recommended if there are concerns about the baby's size or if there are other complications that may make a vaginal delivery risky.
3.4) Blood sugar control: Maintaining good blood sugar control is essential during delivery to reduce the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia. Healthcare providers may adjust insulin dosages or administer glucose infusions to manage blood sugar levels during delivery.
3.5) Neonatal monitoring: After delivery, the baby will be monitored closely for any signs of complications, such as neonatal hypoglycemia or respiratory distress.
G.) Neonate Care
Babies born to mothers with GDM are at an increased risk of certain complications, such as macrosomia (large baby), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), respiratory distress syndrome, and jaundice. Neonatal management of GDM involves monitoring and treating these complications to ensure the neonate's health and well-being.
One of the most common complications of GDM in neonates is macrosomia, which refers to a birth weight greater than 4,000 grams. Macrosomic babies are at an increased risk of birth trauma, such as shoulder dystocia, and neonatal hypoglycemia. Neonatal hypoglycemia occurs when the baby's blood sugar levels drop too low, usually within the first few hours after birth. This is because the baby's body produces more insulin than it needs to manage the high blood sugar levels in the mother's blood. Neonatal hypoglycemia can cause seizures, brain damage, and other serious complications if left untreated.
To manage neonatal hypoglycemia in babies born to mothers with GDM, healthcare providers may recommend early and frequent feedings to ensure that the baby's blood sugar levels remain stable. This may involve breastfeeding or formula feeding, and in some cases, intravenous glucose may be required. Healthcare providers will also monitor the baby's blood sugar levels regularly to ensure that they remain within a safe range.
Another common complication of GDM in neonates is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). RDS occurs when the baby's lungs are not fully developed and are unable to produce enough surfactant, a substance that helps keep the lungs inflated. Babies with RDS may have difficulty breathing and may require oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation to support their breathing.
In addition to monitoring and treating these complications, neonatal management of GDM may also involve monitoring and treating neonatal jaundice, a condition in which the baby's skin and eyes appear yellow due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Jaundice is a common condition in newborns, and in most cases, it resolves on its own without treatment. However, babies born to mothers with GDM may be at an increased risk of developing severe jaundice, and in some cases, phototherapy or exchange transfusion may be required to treat the condition.
With proper neonatal management, babies born to mothers with GDM can achieve good outcomes and enjoy a healthy start in life.
H.) Postpartum Care
Postpartum care is an essential aspect of the management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Women with GDM are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, and postpartum care is essential to prevent or manage this risk.
Blood sugar levels usually return to normal after delivery, but it is essential to continue monitoring blood sugar levels after delivery to ensure that they remain stable. Women with GDM should monitor their blood sugar levels regularly and make lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This may include following a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight.
Healthcare providers may also recommend follow-up testing to check for type 2 diabetes. This may include a fasting plasma glucose test or an oral glucose tolerance test. These tests can detect abnormalities in blood sugar levels and identify women who are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
In addition to monitoring blood sugar levels, postpartum care should also focus on monitoring the mother's physical and emotional well-being. Women with GDM may be at an increased risk of postpartum depression, and healthcare providers should screen for this condition and provide appropriate support and treatment if necessary.
Risks Associated with Not Receiving Postpartum Care
Not receiving postpartum care can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Women who do not receive postpartum care may continue to have high blood sugar levels, which can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Not receiving postpartum care can also increase the risk of other complications, such as postpartum depression, infections, and hemorrhage.
Additional Material:
It's important for women with GDM to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop an individualized treatment plan that is safe and effective for both them and their babies. Proper management of GDM can help to reduce the risk of complications and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and affects the mother and the developing baby. GDM increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and delivery and can lead to long-term health problems for both the mother and the child. While there are risk factors that make some women more likely to develop GDM, there are also steps that women can take to reduce their risk of developing this condition.
One of the most important steps in preventing GDM is maintaining a healthy weight before and during pregnancy. Women who are overweight or obese are at an increased risk of developing GDM, as well as other pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and preterm labor. Eating a healthy, balanced diet and engaging in regular physical activity can help women achieve a healthy weight and reduce their risk of developing GDM.
Another important factor in preventing GDM is managing preexisting medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypertension, and prediabetes. Women with these conditions are at an increased risk of developing GDM and should work closely with their healthcare providers to manage these conditions before and during pregnancy.
It is also essential to attend prenatal care appointments regularly and follow the healthcare provider's recommendations for managing GDM during pregnancy. This may involve monitoring blood sugar levels, making dietary changes, engaging in regular physical activity, and taking medication if necessary.
Finally, women who have had GDM in a previous pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing the condition in subsequent pregnancies. These women should work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their risk of developing GDM and take steps to prevent the condition from occurring.
By taking these steps, women can reduce their risk of developing GDM and enjoy a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Prognosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
The prognosis of gestational diabetes (GDM) is generally good, as most women with GDM have healthy pregnancies and deliver healthy babies. However, GDM can have long-term effects on both the mother and the baby, and women who have had GDM are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
After delivery, blood sugar levels usually return to normal within a few days, and most women with GDM do not require further treatment for diabetes. However, it's important for women who have had GDM to have their blood sugar levels tested regularly after delivery and to adopt healthy lifestyle habits, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight.
In addition, women who have had GDM should receive appropriate follow-up care and screening for type 2 diabetes. The American Diabetes Association recommends that women who have had GDM should have a glucose tolerance test at 6-12 weeks postpartum and then every 1-3 years thereafter, as they are at increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes.
Babies born to women with GDM may also be at increased risk of complications, such as macrosomia (large birth weight), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), and respiratory distress syndrome. However, with proper monitoring and management during pregnancy and delivery, these risks can be minimized.
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Conclusion
Gestational diabetes mellitus is a common condition that affects many pregnant women. It is important for pregnant women to be screened for GDM and to receive appropriate treatment and management to prevent complications for both the mother and the baby. Women who are at increased risk of GDM should take steps to reduce their risk through healthy lifestyle choices and regular prenatal care. With proper management and care, most women with GDM are able to have healthy pregnancies and babies.
